Saturday, December 29, 2012

MUSKELLUNGE OF DARK ISLAND RITUAL WORK

MUSKELLUNGE OF DARK ISLAND HAS BEEN BUSY IN THE INTERIOR OF BRITISH COLUMBIA'S KOOTENAY REGION SOLELY BUILDING A RITUAL BARRIER BOWLED HALF-PIPE AND FURTHERING HIS PURE MID 1980s SKATEBOARD AND VINTAGE KNIFE LINE-UPS. 
HIS SKULL SKATES MODEL IS STILL AVAILABLE FROM SKULL SKATES





K.D.S. 'ZINE FROM THE MID 1980s

TRACKED FROM A F.D.S. STICKER FOUND ON A 1980s STICKER WALL AT SKULL SKATES, THE BARRIER KULT FOUND RITUAL PURITY APPRECIATION AND FURTHER INFLUENCE FROM PAST MID 1980s ISSUES OF KILLER DORK SESSIONS 'ZINE ARCHIVES. 




Wednesday, December 12, 2012

BA. KU. ABOMINATIONS T-SHIRT AVAILABLE NOW

THE BARRIER KULT ABOMINATIONS T-SHIRT.  ARTWORK INSPIRED BY THE 1926 CLARK ASHTON SMITH SHORT STORY MASTERPIECE 'THE ABOMINATIONS OF YONDO'.  THIS PORTRAYAL OF A MAN LEFT IN A CURSED LAND FILLED WITH HAUNTING CREATURES AND APPARITIONS RESULTING IN A DESCENT INTO TERROR WAS ILLUSTRATED BY JEFFREY COOPMAN. AVAILABLE ONLINE ONLY FROM BARRIER KULT CLOTHING.  PRINTED IN CANADA. (PICTURED BOOKS AND BAYONET NOT INCLUDED WITH SHIRT.)


THE NEW 'ABOMINATIONS' SHIRT, THE NEW 'STANDARD' ITEMS, DISCONTINUED SALE ITEMS, AND MORE ARE AVAILABLE ONLINE AT BARRIER KULT CLOTHING

Thursday, November 29, 2012

THE NEW BARRIER KULT STANDARD ITEMS

THE NEW BARRIER KULT 'STANDARD' ITEMS.   FROM NOW AND INTO DARK ETERNITY.  THE FRONT OF THE T-SHIRT FEATURES THE SIGNATURE LOGO, THE BACK FEATURES THE ASSYRIAN-BABYLONIAN DEMON OF PLAGUE AND TRANSITION VIOLENCE WITH ADDED SLOGAN, "BARRIER PLAGUE SPREADING AND RITUAL KNIFING".  THE LONGSLEEVE FEATURES THE SAME IMAGERY, BUT WITH WWI BAYONETS ON THE SLEEVES.  THE PLAGUE SPREADING SHROUDS OF MILITANCE. 




AVAILABLE AT HARDCORE SKATEBOARD STORES ACROSS CANADA.
IN VANCOUVER, AVAILABLE AT PD'S HOT SHOP
IN JAPAN, AVAILABLE FROM SKULL SKATES JAPAN
AVAILABLE FOR ONLINE MAILORDER HERE

PLUS - THE BARRIER KULT ONLINE MAILORDER IS FEATURING VARIOUS DISCOUNTED PRICES ON DISCONTINUED ITEMS.  LOW QUANTITIES - FIRST COME, FIRST SERVED. 

Sunday, November 25, 2012

DEER MAN OF DARK WOODS FILMING IN PROGRESS

DMODW CURRENTLY FILMING FOR THE UPCOMING HEROIN VIDEO DUE TO BE RELEASED APRIL, 2013.


Monday, November 12, 2012

BA. KU. CAS 'ABOMINATIONS OF YONDO' ILLUSTRATION SELECTION

A LARGE NUMBER OF POSSESSED DRAWINGS ARRIVED FOR THE BARRIER KULT CLARK ASHTON SMITH ILLUSTRATION CONTEST (DETAILS HERE).  THE DRAWING SELECTED FOR A BLACK ON WHITE BA. KU. T-SHIRT DESIGN (FOR THIS SEASON) AND A LIMITED LOST SOUL BARRIER KULT SKATEBOARD DECK WAS THE SUFFOCATING PORTRAYAL OF A DESCENT INTO ABOMINATION MADNESS BY JEFFREY COOPMAN.  SEE THE DRAWING BELOW:


BASED ON THE DRAWINGS HAVING TO BE EVENTUALLY TRANSLATED INTO A BOLD, SCREEN PRINTED BA. KU. T-SHIRT DESIGN AND THE SHEAR MAGNITUDE OF TRYING TO CAPTURE THE HAUNTING MADNESS OF THE FINAL ENTRIES FROM CLARK ASHTON SMITH'S 'ABOMINATIONS OF YONDO', THE SELECTION WAS A DIFFICULT AND DARK JOURNEY.  BELOW ARE THE OTHER DRAWINGS THAT DESERVE RECOGNITION:

BY: DUSTIN GREY

BY: JASPER CLOUGH

BY: HENRY MOORE

Thursday, November 8, 2012

BA. KU. DARK POWER ELECTRONICS

A POWER ELECTRONICS PROJECT (FEATURING A MEMBER OF THE BARRIER KULT) WAS CREATED TO DO THE SOUNDTRACK FOR THE EXTRAS ON THE 'BARRIER KULT HORDE VIDEO' FROM 2004.  IN 2005, A BA. KU. CASSETTE WAS RELEASED BY TRASH RITUAL.  EVENTUALLY, AS THE BA. KU. POWER ELECTRONICS PROJECT BECAME MORE FOCUSED, THE NAME WAS CHANGED TO BT. HN. (LA BETE HUMAINE) TO STOP ANY CONFUSION BETWEEN THE HORDE AND THE PE PROJECT. 
THE VIDEO BELOW IS A TRACK FROM THE 'RITUAL TOTEMIC STONE' CASSETTE.



THE OFFICIAL JUDGEMENT OF THE CAS ILLUSTRATION CONTEST IS THIS WEEKEND. 
THE CHOSEN DRAWING WILL BE ANNOUNCED HERE EARLY NEXT WEEK. 

Saturday, November 3, 2012

BARRIER KULT FEATURED IN FRONT MAGAZINE ISSUE 172

THE BARRIER KULT IS FEATURED IN THE '13 RADDEST SKATE TEAMS EVER' ARTICLE IN ISSUE 172 OF FRONT MAGAZINE


CAS ABOMINATIONS OF YONDO ILLUSTRATION CONTEST UPDATE:

A FEW DRAWINGS THAT HAVE BEEN POSTMARKED BEFORE OCTOBER 31 FOR THE CAS ILLUSTRATION CONTEST HAVE YET TO ARRIVE.  OFFICIAL SELECTION WILL BEGIN AS SOON AS THEY ARE IN OUR HANDS - WHICH SHOULD BE WITHIN THE NEXT WEEK. 

Tuesday, October 30, 2012

DEER MAN OF DARK WOODS VS. BEAST OF GEVAUDAN - LAST TRY TUESDAY

DEER MAN OF DARK WOODS VS. BEAST OF GEVAUDAN - LAST TRY TUESDAY FROM THE COLOR MAGAZINE SITE. 



SET TO SHIP AFTER DECEMBER 1, 2012 - 
NOW AND INTO ETERNITY - THE NEW BARRIER KULT STANDARD ITEMS. 


AVAILABLE AFTER DECEMBER 1st:
- AT HARDCORE CANADIAN SKATEBOARD SHOPS
- IN VANCOUVER AT PD'S HOT SHOP
- IN JAPAN AT SKULL SKATES JAPAN
- ONLINE AT BARRIER KULT CLOTHING

Wednesday, October 24, 2012

NEW BONES BA. KU. 'PAPHNUTIUS' WHEEL

THE NEW BONES BARRIER KULT 'PAPHNUTIUS' WHEEL. 
MORE INFORMATION HERE.

REMINDER - THE BARRIER KULT CLARK ASHTON SMITH ILLUSTRATION CONTEST ENDS OCTOBER 31. 
THE ARTWORK THAT HAS ARRIVED IS BEYOND MADNESS KNIFE SLITTING ABYSS RITUAL.
MORE INFORMATION BELOW.

Wednesday, September 5, 2012

BARRIER KULT CLARK ASHTON SMITH STORY ILLUSTRATION CONTEST

“In sheer daemonic strangeness
and fertility of conception,
Mr. Smith is perhaps unexcelled
by any other writer, dead or living.”.
— H. P. Lovecraft, Supernatural Horror in Literature

IT IS NO SECRET THAT THE WEIRD FICTION OF CLARK ASHTON SMITH IS A MAJOR INSPIRATION FOR THE BARRIER KULT AND MANY OF IT'S OCCULT PLAGUE SPREADING STRANGE ARTS AND ACTIONS.  
DEPTH LEVIATHAN DWELLER IS THE PRIMARY COLLECTOR OF THE CAS TEXTS WITHIN THE BA. KU., AND HE HAS SELECTED A STORY, HIS FAVORITE, FOR A SPECIAL BA. KU. ILLUSTRATION CONTEST.  FOR DLD, 'THE ABOMINATIONS OF YONDO' IS A STORY OF PURE HAUNTING WEIRD TERROR.  THE LAST THREE PARAGRAPHS ARE A DESCENT INTO MADNESS AND FEAR VIA THE SIGHTING OF ARCHAIC AND PROFOUNDLY DISTURBING CREATURES.  
YOUR JOB AS AN ILLUSTRATOR IS THIS:
READ CLARK ASHTON SMITH'S SHORT STORY 'THE ABOMINATIONS OF YONDO' FOUND HERE:

...AND THEN DRAW WHAT YOU INTERPRET FROM THE FINAL PARAGRAPHS.  
THE 'CHOSEN' ILLUSTRATION WITH BE FEATURED ON A BLACK ON WHITE BA. KU. T-SHIRT FOR FALL.  ALSO - THE ARTIST WILL RECEIVE ONE OF THE LIMITED LOST SOUL BARRIER KULT SKATEBOARD DECKS (SEE PICTURE BELOW). 
THE DRAWINGS SHOULD BE HIGH CONTRAST BLACK AND WHITE LINE DRAWINGS, INCLUDE NO TEXT, AND SCANNED AT 300 DPI IF EMAILED TO THE BARRIER KULT AT barrierkult[at]hotmail.[dot]com. 
IF YOU'D LIKE TO SEND AN ORIGINAL, PLEASE EMAIL barrierkult[at]hotmail[dot]com FOR ADDRESS INFORMATION. 
THE DEADLINE IS OCTOBER 31, 2012. 



Drawing above: 'The Pass' by CAS. 

Thursday, August 16, 2012

THE NEW DEER MAN OF DARK WOODS T-SHIRT

"THEN THE DEER SPOKE... I AM GOING TO PRETEND I AM DEAD. PUT ME IN A BOX AND I WILL HAVE WITH ME THE SHARPEST MUSSEL-SHELL KNIFE YOU'VE GOT... THE WOLF WAS HUNGRY TOO. IT WAS NOT LONG BEORE RUMOR REACHED HIM THAT THE DEER HAD DIED... QUICKLY DEER SLICED OFF THE WOLF'S TAIL IN ONE CLEAN STROKE." 
ONLY IN THE SHADOWS OF THE GREAT KWAKIUTL LEGENDS, THE LEGENDS OF THE DEER MAN OF DARK WOODS PERMEATE THE SO-CALLED 'SKATEBOARD' WORLD. THE DMODW V.2 T-SHIRT PORTRAYING A DIFFERENT TIME AND POWER THROUGH WOLF COSTUME AND LORE. PRINTED IN CANADA.

AVAILABLE SOON AT HARDCORE CANADIAN SKATEBOARD SHOPS. 
AVAILABLE NOW FOR MAILORDER HERE
IN VANCOUVER, AVAILABLE FOR PURCHASE NOW AT PD'S HOT SHOP / SKULL SKATES
IN JAPAN, AVAILABLE SOON FROM SKULL SKATES JAPAN
IN THE UK, AVAILABLE SOON FROM YOU'RE NOT HUMAN.



THE SIGNATURE T-SHIRT HAS ALSO BEEN RE-STOCKED FOR MAILORDER HERE.



Saturday, August 4, 2012

BARRIER KULT AND THE GULLWING PRO III

BARRIER KULT MEMBERS DEER MAN OF DARK WOODS, DEPTH LEVIATHAN DWELLER, AND MUSKELLUNGE OF DARK ISLAND HAVE BEEN RIDING THE GULLWING PRO III REISSUES FOR SOME MONTHS NOW.  MORE SPECIFICALLY, THE SKULL SKATES / GULLWING COLLABORATION PRO III (AVAILABLE FOR MAILORDER HERE).  


SUPREME RITUAL - HARKENING THE 1980s DAYS OF GATOR, JASON JESSEE, STEVE CLAAR, MATT HENSLEY, ART GODOY, BEN SCHROEDER.





Monday, July 16, 2012

CONCRETE X BA.KU. – THE RANGE OF PROPAGANDA CHAPTERS

From Concrete Magazine:

"Throughout 2011 and into early 2012 we collaborated with notorious abrupt transition worshippers, the BARRIER KULT, producing 6 sinister Range Of Propaganda chapters, each profiling high ranking Kultists. MUSKELLUNGE OF DARK ISLAND, CRUSADE TEMPLAR HORSE SKELETON, BEAST OF GEVAUDAN, DEPTH LEVIATHAN DWELLER, STATUE OF THE BLACK CROW and DEER MAN OF DARK WOODS are featured amongst the madness.
We’ve compiled the darkness and barrier stabbing violence into an online book, so click the image below and delve into it if you dare:"

Sunday, July 8, 2012

BARRIER KULT FEATURES AT CVLT NATION AND GOLD SKULLA

FROM CVLT NATION:

"Unholy beast, the Barrier Kult skateboard team are fucking way beyond gnarly to watch. These anti-humans do tricks on barriers that you thought would never fucking be possible. Then there is the creative spirit that they pour into the Barrier Kult videos, that will have you saying, this horde of skaters are awesome! No one outside of their circle knows who these balaklava-wearing skaters are, which just adds to their black cloud of mystery. I do know that under the name of Barrier Kult they make some epic tees which you can buy HERE! Today CVLT Nation has done it again and put together a ritualistic Barrier Kult video essay of some epic footage! Peep the visuals and gear after the jump!"

2011 DEPTH LEVIATHAN DWELLER INTERVIEW AT GOLD SKULLA.

Wednesday, July 4, 2012

Wednesday, June 27, 2012

PLAGUE SPREADING SITE OF THE WEEK

THE BARRIER KULT IS THE SITE OF THE WEEK ON SKATEDAILY.NET.  RITUAL PLAGUE SPREADING - KNIFE RITUALS. 


CLOTHING RE-STOCKS AND NEW DESIGN(S) IN PROGRESS. 






Monday, June 18, 2012

DMODW IN THE FILM A TEST OF METTLE

MOVIE PREMIERE AT LEESIDE, VANCOUVER, BC.  JUNE 19, 2012.


Tuesday, May 29, 2012

SKULL SKATES BA. KU. MUSKELLUNGE OF DARK ISLAND DECK

"Skull Skates "BA. KU. Muskellunge of Dark Island model" - 10" x 30" [16" wheelbase]. A limited edition deck on the O.G. 10" x 30" Diehard shape in partnership with the Barrier Kult. MODI is a titled BA. KU. member renowned for his fierce commitment to riding pig shapes exclusively along with his tireless commitment to building and skating ritual altars. Graphic is dedicated to European WWII Frogmen and the BA. KU.'s inherent WWI bayonet collections. Tub Tech one concave, square tail, pig shape - made in Canada."


AVAILABLE AT PD'S HOT SHOP IN VANCOUVER, BC AND MAILORDER HERE.



DMODW IN DANK MAGAZINE NO. 3, SPRING 2012


"IN THIS ISSUE
Dank #3 features interviews with Magnus Bordewick, Stian Bakke, Jake Johnson, Norwegian movie director Joachim Trier, skateboard videographer Jørgen Johannessen, photographer Sergej Vutuc, and Pontus Alv of Polar Skateboards. The third issue also features pictures from Greg Hunt’s “Selective Memory” retrospective, plus an exclusive series of Deerman of Dark Woods shot by Alana Paterson. At 128 pages, Dank #3 is our most extensive issue yet. All issues sold through the Dank Store come with a supplement made exclusively for international readers, featuring English translations of all the stories."
MORE INFORMATION HERE

Wednesday, May 9, 2012

YOU'RE NOT HUMAN AND HEROIN SKATEBORDS

BARRIER KULT CLOTHING IS NOW AVAILABLE IN THE UK VIA YOU'RE NOT HUMAN.


A NEW DEER MAN OF DARK WOODS DECK IS PART OF THE SUMMER 2012 LINE FROM HEROIN SKATEBOARDS / BAKERBOYS DISTRIBUTION.

Monday, May 7, 2012

THE BA. KU. SLASH PURITY T-SHIRT

THE SLASH GRIND HAS BEEN A PURE PART OF THE RITUAL BARRIER KNIFING 'MOVES CIRCLE' SINCE THE BEGINNING OF THE BARRIER KULT.  THE FRONTSIDE KNIFE STRIKE, THE MIGHTY INFLUENCE OF THE 'HACKETT SLASH'; MAINTAINING THE VIOLENCE OF TIGHT TRANSITION SKATEBOARDING WITH THE RITUAL BARRIER'S APEX ATTACK FROM THE TRUCK / BAYONET BLADE.  A TWO-SIDED T-SHIRT; THE FRONTSIDE DEPICTING GIALLO AND DIVER'S KNIFE VIOLENCE (NATURE'S PREDATORY WRATH), THE BACKSIDE FEATURING DMODW SLASHING AN UNFIXED RITUAL BARRIER AT THE SITE OF VANCOUVER'S 'EPIC VISAGE' (PHOTO BY ALANA PATERSON). PRINTED IN CANADA. 
Available from hardcore Canadian skateboard stores and HERE for mail order. 

Monday, April 23, 2012

BARRIER KULT ONLINE STORE - SHIPPING AFTER MAY 4

DUE TO A TRIP OVERSEAS, ALL ORDERS FOR BARRIER KULT PRODUCT ORDERED AFTER APRIL 24 WILL NOT BE SHIPPED UNTIL AFTER MAY 4. 
barrierkult.bigcartel.com

Friday, April 13, 2012

DMODW - END RITUALS DURING CHRIS HASLAM'S SKATEPARKS RECORD


"Although the crew shrunk as the sun went down, the addition of Deer Man gave everyone who remained the motivation needed to carry on and finish off the record under the lights of Leeside just before midnight."
- Shawn Lennon (+ above photo)

READ THE WHOLE STORY AT PUSH.CA.

Friday, April 6, 2012

CONCRETE RANGE OF PROPAGANDA AND CONTEST


FROM CONCRETE SKATEBOARDING MAGAZINE:

"Throughout 2011 and into early 2012 we collaborated with notorious abrupt transition worshippers, the BARRIER KULT, producing 6 sinister Range Of Propaganda chapters, each profiling high ranking Kultists. MUSKELLUNGE OF DARK ISLAND, CRUSADE TEMPLAR HORSE SKELETON, BEAST OF GEVAUDAN, DEPTH LEVIATHAN DWELLER, STATUE OF THE BLACK CROW and DEER MAN OF DARK WOODS are featured amongst the madness.

We’ve compiled the darkness and barrier stabbing violence into an online book, so click the image below and delve into it if you dare:"

http://www.concreteskateboarding.com/?p=17403

PLUS -

"This week we bring you a special edition of the Tuesday Toss in collaboration with Emerica (via Timebomb Trading), BA.KU. Clothing (Ritual Barrier Abrasion Cloth), Gullwing and Skull Skates.

Here’s what we’ve got:

•Barrier Kult x Emerica “Francis Hi” shoes (Spring ’11 / rare pair, less than 150 in Canada!) – Size 9.5
•BA.KU. tee – L
•Depth Leviathan Dweller tee – L
•BA.KU. hoodie – L
•Gullwing x Skull Skates “Superpro III” trucks – 155mm
•D.M.O.D.W. x Skull Skates deck – 8.5″ wide

In order to win you have to answer the following (and incredibly easy) trivia question:
What trick does Deer Man Of Dark Woods do in his “Range Of Propaganda” chapter, and what does the screen say at the 1:47 mark in his “Timebomb Files” video?
(Hint: click here to find the answer.)

EMAIL your response to: tuesdaytoss@concreteskateboarding.com
Contest closes on Friday, April 6th and is open to Canadian residents only."

Tuesday, April 3, 2012

LOST SOUL SKATEBOARDS - BARRIER KULT DECK AT HOMEBASE


"Lost Soul / Homebase ad… No one else has these BAKU Guest boards in their shop.

Stop in at Homebase Skateshop in Bethlehem, Pa for one today."

THE RETURN OF THE BARRIER KULT STICKER


THE BA. KU. STICKER. THE SIGNATURE DESIGN FEATURED ON 3" x 4 1/4" BLACK VINYL. THE RETURN OF ONE OF OUR FIRST PLAGUE SPREADING ITEMS FROM THE EARLY 2000s. THE BLACK VINYL - ONCE PLACED, ENACTS A VIEW INTO BLACKNESS; THE DARK EIDOLON (CAS).



Monday, March 26, 2012

TIMEBOMB FILE EPISODE 4 - DEER MAN OF DARK WOODS

SPRING 2012 DMODW VIDEO DOCUMENT; COMPLETE DEVOTION TO THE RITUAL PURITY OF 1979 - 1984.

Timebomb File Episode 4 - DEER MAN OF DARK WOODS from Timebomb Trading Inc. on Vimeo.

Tuesday, March 13, 2012

FILMING FOR NEW DEER MAN OF DARK WOODS PART


LCD SCREEN PREVIEW IMAGE OF FURTHER PLAGUE SPREADING BARRIER VIOLENCE. 1980s DRIVEN RITUALS FROM DEER MAN OF DARK WOODS FOR TIMEBOMB TRADING. PART COMING SOON.

Thursday, March 8, 2012

BARRIER KULT CLOTHING SPRING EQUINOX RE-STOCK



RECENT RE-STALKING OF BARRIER KULT CLOTHING.
SPRING BARRIER ABRASION AND KNIFING RITUALS - THE SNOW HAS MELTED FROM THE VARIOUS ROCK PEAKS.
TIGHT TRANSITION VIOLENCE AND MANIA.
WATCH FOR THE 'SLASH PURITY' DOUBLE SIDED T-SHIRT - AVAILABLE SOON FROM ONLINE MAILORDER, HARDCORE CANADIAN SHOPS, SKULL SKATES JAPAN.
CLOTHES AVAILABLE ONLINE AT barrierkult.bigcartel.com.

Thursday, March 1, 2012

EARLY INFLUENCE - CURB SKATEBOARDING RITUALS


JEFF GROSSO'S LOVELETTERS TO SKATEBOARDING, SEASON 2, EPISODE 7: CURBS

"IT'S LIKE A VERTICAL DITCH. A LITTLE RIGHT ANGLE QUARTER-PIPE."
- BARKER BARRETT

HEAVY RELATED INFLUENCE FOR AND FOCUS OF THE BARRIER KULT AND BARRIER SKATEBOARDING.
NOTE AT 6:29 - RICKY BARNES, RICKY WINSOR, S.S.D., SKURBS SKATE GANG.


(PHOTO ABOVE: DEPTH LEVIATHAN DWELLER, 1980s, S.S.D. DECK.)


Tuesday, February 21, 2012

CONCRETE SKATEBOARDING - ISSUE 117


"BARRIER KULT: The Range Of Propaganda / Chapter 6
We’re not sure if there is a more fitting way to bring The Range Of Propaganda series to a close other than featuring key Kultist Deer Man Of Dark Woods. Even more fitting is the fact that it features a letter he wrote that documents an important turning point in 2002 – the time when he was ultimately transformed via a “renewed mindset” geared towards violent barrier transitions and nature worship. The world has known of D.M.O.D.W. ever since."

Thursday, February 2, 2012

THE BARRIER KULT - ONE OF THE 11 CORNERS



FROM THE LARB:

"Origins shrouded in a veil of secrecy..once the powers and ridiculousness of the
artifact was realized a vote was taken.
It was decided to be immediatly smashed and cast to the 11 corners of the earth.
-taken from article 8 of the hesh-book-of-law(pre-scripts 99-13)"

SHARD REMAINDER NOW PART OF THE BA. KU. RITUAL ARSENAL.

Monday, January 30, 2012

BARRIER KULT MERCHANDISE AT PD'S HOT SHOP IN VANCOUVER



The dark winter is almost over, and thus your BA. KU. headquarters - PD’s Hot Shop in Vancouver, BC is fully stocked with everything the Vancouver ritual barrier cultist needs. Official Barrier Kult clothing, decks, and backpatch are available at the new store @ 3734 West 10th Ave (near Alma).